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1 boom company
лесн. сплавная компанияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > boom company
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2 boom company
лесн. сплавная компания -
3 boom company
Лесоводство: сплавная компания -
4 boom company
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5 boom company
Англо-русский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > boom company
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6 company
фирма; компания-
aircraft company
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boom company
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broadcasting company
- fully integrated oil company -
gas producing company
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logging company
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oil producing company
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oil company
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production company
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record company
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small-to-medium sized company
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TV company -
7 company
['kʌmpənɪ]n1) компания, группа, общество, гостиI cannot bear (stand) the man's company. — Я не переношу общества этого человека.
I'm afraid I've been seen in his company. — Боюсь, что меня с ними видели.
I'll come with you for company. — Я пойду с тобой за компанию.
- good companyI'll keep you company. — Я составлю тебе компанию.
- jolly company
- select company
- young company
- company of boys and girls
- one's company at dinner
- company of women
- with only a dog for company co
- be shy in the company of strangers
- be fond of bright company
- be cheerful in company
- break company
- enter a company
- entertain the company with music
- fall into company with smb
- get into bad company
- go out without company
- have company
- join company with smb
- keep company with smb
- keep to one's own company
- keep smb company
- know a man by his company
- love the company of children
- part company with smb
- receive much company
- see a great deal of company
- see company
- seek the company of gamblers
- shun company
- take a friend for company
- go with a friend for company2) труппа, ансамбль артистовSee:I saw the company at our theatre during their tour. — Я видел представления этой труппы в нашем театре во время их гастролей.
- theatrical companyThe king's company of French comedians plays here every night. — Королевская труппа французских актеров играет здесь представления каждый вечер.
- world touring company3) компания, фирма, товарищество, акционерное обществоThe company employs many workers. — В компании работает много рабочих.
The company went bankrupt. — Компания обанкротилась.
A man is known by his company. /Show me your company and I'll tell you what you are. — Скажи мне. Кто твой друг, и я скажу тебе, кто ты.
- business company- insurance company
- parent company
- foreign company
- private company
- pure swindling company
- trading company
- holding company
- forwarding company
- cooperative building company
- motor-vehicle manufacturing company
- vehicle producing company
- bubble company
- member companies
- merged companies
- company of long standing
- company accredited in many countries
- company store
- company gunmen
- amalgamate companies
- be an employee in a company
- boom a company
- serve a company with scrupulous fidelity
- start a company
- start a mutual loan company
- sue a company for damages
- work for a big company
- company pays well
- company went bankrupt•USAGE:(1.) Существительное company 1. относится к собирательным существительным и эквивалентно русским гости, общество, общение. Оно употребляется без артикля или с определенным артиклем в зависимости от ситуаций: to have (to expect) company ожидать гостей; to keep smb company составить кому-либо компанию; she is poor company она скучный собеседник; the company broke up early гости разошлись рано. (2.) Русским предложениям Мы идем в гости соответствуют We are going to a party/We are visiting to-day/We have to make/to pay a visit; У нас сегодня гости We are going to have a party/We have visitors. Русское словосочетание "в гостях" соответствует английским at the play и at the reception. (3.) See family, n -
8 to boom a company
создавать шумиху вокруг компании/фирмы -
9 сплавная компания
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > сплавная компания
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10 сплавная компания
лесн. boom companyБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > сплавная компания
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11 investment
FINANCE placement m, investissement m; (money invested) investissement, mise f de fonds;∎ are these shares a good investment? ces actions sont-elles un bon placement?;∎ property is no longer such a safe investment l'immobilier n'est plus un placement aussi sûr;∎ I'd prefer a better return on investment je préférerais un investissement plus rentable;∎ the company has investments all over the world la société a des capitaux investis dans le monde entierinvestment account compte m d'investissement;investment advice conseil m en placements;investment adviser conseiller(ère) m, f en placements;investment analyst analyste m f en placements;investment appraisal appréciation f des investissements;investment bank banque f d'affaires;investment banker banquier(ère) m, f d'affaires;investment banking banque d'affaires;investment boom boom m des investissements;investment capital capital-investissement m;investment certificate certificat m d'investissement;investment company société f d'investissements;investment consultancy société de conseil en investissement;investment curve courbe f d'investissement;investment fund fonds m commun de placement, fonds d'investissement;investment grant subvention f d'investissement;investment house société de financement;investment income revenu m provenant d'investissements;investment institution société d'investissements;investment instrument instrument m de placement;investment management gestion f des investissements;Investment Management Regulatory Organization = organisme britannique contrôlant les activités de banques d'affaires et de gestionnaires de fonds de retraite;investment market marché m des capitaux;investment objectives objectifs m pl de placement;investment officer responsable m f des investissements;investment performance performance f des investissements;investment plan plan m d'investissement;investment policy politique f d'investissement;investment portfolio portefeuille m d'investissements;investment programme programme m d'investissement;investment return retour m sur investissements;investment securities, investment stock valeurs f pl en portefeuille ou de placement;investment subsidy prime f à l'investissement;investment trust société de placement -
12 investment
investment [ɪn'vestmənt](a) Finance (of money, capital) investissement m, placement m; (money invested) investissement m, mise f de fonds;∎ are these shares a good investment? ces actions sont-elles un bon placement?;∎ property is no longer such a safe investment l'immobilier n'est plus un placement aussi sûr;∎ the company has investments all over the world la société a des capitaux investis dans le monde entier;∎ investment in industry/real estate investissement industriel/immobilier;∎ I'd prefer a better return on investment je préférerais un investissement plus rentable(b) (of time, effort) investissement m►► Banking investment account compte m d'investissement;Finance investment advice conseil m en placements;Finance investment adviser conseiller(ère) m,f en placements;Finance investment analyst analyste mf en placements;Finance investment appraisal appréciation f des investissements;American investment bank banque f d'affaires;American investment banker banquier(ère) m,f d'affaires;American investment banking banque f d'affaires;Finance investment boom boom m des investissements;Finance investment capital capital-investissement m;Finance investment certificate certificat m d'investissement;Finance investment company société f de portefeuille ou d'investissement;Finance investment consultancy société f de conseil en investissement;Finance investment curve courbe f d'investissement;Finance investment fund fonds m commun de placement, fonds m d'investissement;Finance investment grant subvention f d'investissement;Finance investment income revenu m provenant d'investissements;Finance investment institution société f d'investissements;Finance investment instrument instrument m de placement;Finance investment management gestion f des investissements;British formerly Investment Management Regulatory Organization = organisme britannique contrôlant les activités de banques d'affaires et de gestionnaires de fonds de retraite;Finance investment market marché m des capitaux;investment objectives objectifs mpl de placement;investment plan plan m d'investissement;investment policy politique f d'investissement;investment portfolio portefeuille m d'investissements;investment programme programme m d'investissement;investment return retour m sur investissements;investment securities valeurs fpl en portefeuille ou de placement;investment services services mpl d'investissement;investment stock valeurs fpl en portefeuille ou de placement;investment subsidy prime f à l'investissement;investment trust société f de placement, trust m de placement -
13 Drake, Edwin Laurentine
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 29 March 1819 Greenville, New York, USAd. 8 November 1880 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American pioneer oil driller.[br]He worked on his father's farm, was a clerk in a hotel and a store, and then became an express agent at a railway company in Springfield, Massachusetts, c.1845. After he had been working as a railway conductor in New Haven, Connecticut, for eight years, he resigned because of ill health. Owning some stocks in a Pennsylvania rock-oil company, which gathered oil from ground-level seepages mainly for medicinal use, he was engaged by this company and moved to Titusville, Pennsylvania, at the age of almost 40. After studying salt-well drilling by cable tool, which was still percussive, he became enthusiastic about the idea of using the same method to drill for oil, especially after researches in chemistry had revealed this new sort of fossil energy some years before.As a manager of the Seneca Oil Company, which referred to him as "Colonel" in letters of introduction simply to impress people with such titles, Drake began drilling in 1858, almost at the same time as pole-tool drilling for oil was started in Germany. His main contribution to the technology was the use of an iron pipe driven through the quicksand and the bedrock to prevent the bore-hole from filling. After nineteen months he struck oil at a depth of 21 m (69 ft) in August 1859. This was the first time that petroleum was struck at its source and the first proof of the presence of oil reservoirs within the earth's surface. Drake inaugurated the search for and the exploitation of the deep oil resources of the world and he initiated the science of petroleum engineering which became established at the beginning of the twentieth century.Drake failed to patent his drilling method; he was content being an oil commission merchant and Justice of the Peace in Titusville, which like other places in Pennsylvania became a boom town. Four years later he went to New York, where he lost all his money in oil speculations. He became very ill again and lived in poverty in Vermont and New Jersey until 1873, when he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he was pensioned by the state of Pennsylvania. The city of Titusville erected a monument to him and founded the Drake Museum.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. III, pp. 427–8.Ida M.Tarbell, 1904, "The birth of industry", History of the Standard Oil Company, Vol. I, New York (gives a lively description of the booming years in Pennsylvania caused by Drake's successful drilling).H.F.Williamson and A.R.Daum, 1959, The American Petroleum Industry. The Age of Illumination, Evans ton, Ill.WKBiographical history of technology > Drake, Edwin Laurentine
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14 town
taun сущ.
1) город;
городок (тж. в противоположность сельской местности) to blow, skip town разг. ≈ неожиданно покинуть город to come to town ≈ приезжать в город county town ≈ главный город графства They live in a sleepy, little town. ≈ Они живут в маленьком захолустном городишке. It had the advantages of town and country combined. ≈ Это имеет преимущества как городской, так и сельской жизни. boom town ≈ быстро выросший (растущий) город company town ≈ поселок, расположенный на территории, принадлежащей промышленной фирме ghost town ≈ опустевший город jerkwater town ≈ захолустный, провинциальный, сонный, маленький городишко market town ≈ город, в котором происходят базары one-horse town, provincial town, sleepy town ≈ захолустный, провинциальный, сонный, маленький городишка out of town
2) коллект. жители города He became the talk of the town. ≈ О нем говорит весь город. The town takes immense pride in recent achievements. ≈ Жители города необыкновенно гордятся последними достижениями.
3) административный центр района;
деловой центр I walked around town. ≈ Я бродил по центру города. I caught a bus into town. ≈ Я успел на автобус, идущий в центр города. ∙ to paint the town red сл. ≈ предаваться веселью, кутить go to town город;
городок - country * главный город графства (округа, департамента) - boom * (американизм) быстро выросший /растущий/ город - old * старый город - the upper * верхняя часть города - * centre городской центр, центр города - * life городская жизнь - * government городская администрация - * residence городская квартира - * gas газ бытового назначения - * mains городские магистрали /сети/ - * water supply городской водопровод - to walk to the outskirts of * пойти на городскую окраину (американизм) местечко центр деловой или торговой жизни города - he is going into * он отправляется в центр - I'm going down * to do some shopping я еду в центр за покупками - he has an office at home and another in * у него есть приемная /контора/ дома и еще одна в центре города административный центр (района, округа и т. п.) ;
самый большой из близлежащих городов;
близлежащий город - in * в городе - to * в город - to leave * уехать из города - out of * в деревне;
вне города;
в отъезде( обыкн. из Лондона) - he was out of * all last week всю прошлую неделю его не было в городе /он был в отъезде/ столица( обыкн. о Лондоне) - to do one's shopping in * делать покупки в Лондоне - to flock to * for the coronation толпами съезжаться в столицу на коронацию - when he is in * he lives in Soho когда он в Лондоне, он живет в Сохо (the *) жители города - it's the talk of the * весь город об этом говорит - the whole * knows of it весь город знает об этом - * and gown население Оксфорда или Кембриджа, включая профессуру и студентов;
город и университет;
горожане и студенты (американизм) жители местечка (the *) городская жизнь (в противовес деревенской) - a poet of the * поэт-урбанист - don't think I like the * не думайте, что мне нравится городская жизнь - farmers often left the country in order to live in the * фермеры часто покидали сельскую местность ради городской жизни (американизм) городская община;
муниципалитет село, в котором есть базар (тж. market *) (устаревшее) светское общество( обыкн. Лондона) - man about * светский человек( шотландское) дом, ферма с надворными постройками (диалектизм) группа домов;
деревня, деревушка скопление нор степных собак;
гнездовье пингвинов > on the * находящийся в увеселительной прогулке по городу;
предающийся удовольствиям;
в вихре удовольствий;
занимающийся проституцией, воровством и т. п.;
(американизм) получающий пособие по бедности (американизм) (сленг) проводящий много времени в театрах и т. п. > to go out on the * развлекаться;
гулять, кутить;
распутничать > to come to * впервые появиться в обществе > to go to * (сленг) кутить;
умело и быстро делать что-л.;
преуспевать;
броситься во что-л. очертя голову /без оглядки/;
пуститься во все тяжкие > to go to * on the pie основательно приналечь на пирог > she's really going to * over the flat она ничего не жалеет, чтобы обставить квартиру;
она всаживает в квартиру все, что у нее есть > let's do the * давайте кутить > to plant the * red кутить, устроить кутеж /попойку/;
загулять( редкое) застраивать городами делать городом, превращать в город adopted ~ город-побратим capital ~ столица country ~ провинциальный город to go to ~ разг. кутить to go to ~ разг. преуспевать to go to ~ разг. умело и быстро работать ~ собир. жители города;
he became the talk of the town о нем говорит весь город market ~ город с рынком new ~ современный город on the ~ в вихре светских удовольствий on the ~ амер. получающий пособие по безработице;
town and gown жители Оксфорда или Кембриджа, включая студентов и профессуру out of ~ в деревне out of ~ в отъезде (обыкн. из Лондона) provincial ~ провинциальный город satellite ~ город-спутник sister ~ город-побратим town административный центр (района, округа и т. п.) ;
самый большой из близлежащих городов ~ административный центр ~ город, городок ~ город (в противоп. сельской местности) ~ город;
городок;
амер. тж. местечко ~ город ~ городской ~ собир. жители города;
he became the talk of the town о нем говорит весь город ~ центр деловой жизни города ~ центр деловой или торговой жизни города on the ~ амер. получающий пособие по безработице;
town and gown жители Оксфорда или Кембриджа, включая студентов и профессуру ~ attr. городской;
town house городская квартира;
town water вода из городского водопровода;
a man about town человек, ведущий светский образ жизни ~ attr. городской;
town house городская квартира;
town water вода из городского водопровода;
a man about town человек, ведущий светский образ жизни twin ~ город-побратим -
15 consumer
сущ.1) эк. потребитель; покупательATTRIBUTES: average 2. 1), 2. 2), conventional 2. 2), end 1. 1), final 1. 1), individual 1. 2), industrial 1. 1), а, loyal 1. 1), potential 2. 2), prospective 2. 2), rational 2. 1), reasonable 2. 1), representative 2. 2), n2, target 3. 1), ultimate 2. 2), n1
British consumers are paying much more than their counterparts in mainland Europe for a wide range of goods. — Британские потребители покупают многие товары по значительно более высокой цене, чем потребители материковой Европы.
Our consumers expect products which are not only delicious (and safe) but which have been produced fairly and ethically. — Наши потребители ожидают таких продуктов, которые не только вкусны и безопасны для здоровья, но еще и были произведены надлежащим образом и в согласии с этическими нормами.
An average consumer for heating in Turkey uses fuel wood at a rate of 0.75 m3 yr. — Среднестатистический потребитель отопления в Турции использует 0,75 м3 в год древесного топлива.
See:average consumer, conventional consumer, disadvantaged consumer, end consumer, end-consumer, fickle consumer, final consumer, green consumers, heat consumer, individual consumer, industrial consumer, interested consumer, intermediate consumer, loyal consumer, manipulated consumer, potential consumer, price-conscious consumer, price-sensitive consumer, prospective consumer, rational consumer, reasonable consumer, representative consumer, savvy consumer, target consumer, ultimate consumer, water consumer, consumer acceptance, consumer account, consumer activist, consumer advertisement, consumer advertising, consumer advisory board, consumer advisory council, consumer advocate, consumer affluence, consumer analysis, consumer anticipations, consumer appeal, consumer attitude, consumer audience, consumer awareness, consumer bank, consumer basket, consumer behaviour, consumer benefit, consumer boom, consumer brochure, consumer budget, consumer business, consumer buying decision, consumer capitalism, consumer choice, consumer clinic, consumer club, consumer commodities, consumer communications, consumer comparison, consumer complaint, consumer confidence, consumer container, consumer cooperation, consumer cooperative, consumer council, consumer credit, consumer culture, consumer debenture, consumer decision making, consumer deficit, consumer delivery, consumer demand, consumer diary, consumer discrimination, consumer durable product, consumer durables, consumer economics, consumer education, consumer effect, consumer electronics, consumer environment, consumer equilibrium, consumer evaluation, consumer expectations, consumer expenditure, consumer favour, consumer feedback, consumer finance company, consumer flow, consumer franchise, consumer fraud, consumer goods, consumer group, consumer guide, consumer habit, consumer impression, consumer income, consumer inertia, consumer information, consumer inquiry, consumer insurance, consumer interest, consumer interview, consumer items, consumer jury, consumer knowledge, consumer language, consumer law, consumer learnings, consumer lease, consumer leasing, consumer legislation, consumer lifestyle, consumer lines, consumer list, consumer loan, consumer lobby, consumer loyalty, consumer magazine, consumer market, consumer marketing, consumer motivation, consumer movement, consumer needs, consumer non-durables, consumer orientation, consumer pack, consumer panel, consumer patronage, consumer perception, consumer personality, consumer policy, consumer population, consumer practice, consumer preferences, consumer premium, consumer pressure, consumer price, consumer products, consumer profile, consumer promotion, consumer properties, consumer protection, consumer psychologist, consumer psychology, consumer publication, consumer purchase, consumer purchaser, consumer rating, consumer reaction, consumer relations, consumer report, consumer research, consumer resistance, consumer response, consumer rights, consumer sale, consumer sales, consumer satisfaction, consumer segment, consumer service, consumer services, consumer setting, consumer shopping, consumer society, consumer sophistication, consumer sovereignty, consumer spending, consumer spendings, consumer study, consumer surplus, consumer survey, consumer tastes, consumer trade practices, consumer trends, consumer use tests, consumer utility, consumer valuation, consumer value, consumer vulnerability, consumer warranty, consumer waste, consumer wealth, consumer welfare, consumer's account, consumers' attitude, consumer's choice, consumer's cooperative, consumer's demand, consumers expenditure, consumer's goods, consumer's indifference curve, consumers market, consumers' market, consumers' panel, consumer's point, consumers' preference, consumers' remedy, consumer's surplus, consumers' surplus, consumer's test, consumer's wants, cost to consumer, price to consumer COMBS: business to consumer, business-to-consumer, business-to-consumer firm, competition for the consumer's dollar, Consumer Credit Act 1974, Consumer Credit Protection Act, Consumer Goods Pricing Act, Consumer Magazine and Agri-Media Rates and Data, Consumer Product Safety Act, Consumer Products Warranties Act, Consumer Protection Act 1961, Consumer Protection Act 1971, Consumer Reports, Consumer Safety Act 1978, Department of Banking and Consumer Finance v. Clarke, Ethical Consumer, Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act, Home Equity Loan Consumer Protection Act, Telephone Consumer Protection Act 1991, Uniform Consumer Credit Code, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Consumer Bankers Association, consumer confidence, consumer expenditure2) биол., эк. прир. консумент (организм, который потребляет другие организмы; выделяют первичные, вторичные и третичные консументы)See:
* * *
потребитель: лицо, которое в конечном итоге пользуется данным товаром или услугой (это не всегда покупатель).* * * -
16 SBC
1) Компьютерная техника: Scsi Bus Controller3) Военный термин: single burst, correcting, spaceborne computer, submarine broadcast coordinator4) Техника: SCSI-3 block commands, side beams clutter, space borne computer, standard buried collector, steam bypass control5) Шутливое выражение: Silly Buggers Club, Southern Bigot Convention, Spanish Butt Crack, Spurs Become Champions7) Религия: Southern Baptist Convention8) Юридический термин: Statutes Of British Columbia, Switch Bait Crooks9) Автомобильный термин: Sensotronic Brake Control (Krokodil)10) Грубое выражение: Same Bull Crap, Scream Bitch Complain, Shit Bastard Cunts, Shitty Bullshit Cock, Slow Butt Cracks, Some Bitch Company, Some Bullshit Company, Stupid Bell Company11) Оптика: Soleil-Babinet compensator12) Телекоммуникации: Singapore Broadcasting Corporation13) Сокращение: Single Board Computer, Small Bobbin Core, Small Business Council, Sonic Boom Committee14) Университет: Students For Black Culture15) Физиология: Skin The Body Cooler16) Вычислительная техника: одноплатный компьютер, Smart Bitrate Control (DivX, Video, BIT), SCSI Block Commands (SAM)17) Транспорт: Single Bound Crew18) Фирменный знак: SAKURA BLOSSOM Cafe, Southwest Bell Communications, Southwestern Bell Communications, Southwestern Bell Corporation, Steroids Buyers Club20) Сетевые технологии: Smart Bitrate Control, single-board computer21) Пластмассы: Styrene- Butadiene Copolymer22) Химическое оружие: small burials contractor [obsolete - now NSSC]23) Обогащение: корзиночная центрифуга, фильтрующая центрифуга, центрифуга-грохот, screen bowl centrifuge, screen-bowl centrifuge24) Макаров: standard buried-collector, standard buried-collector structure25) Безопасность: Sub Band Coding26) NYSE. SBC Communications, Inc. -
17 sbc
1) Компьютерная техника: Scsi Bus Controller3) Военный термин: single burst, correcting, spaceborne computer, submarine broadcast coordinator4) Техника: SCSI-3 block commands, side beams clutter, space borne computer, standard buried collector, steam bypass control5) Шутливое выражение: Silly Buggers Club, Southern Bigot Convention, Spanish Butt Crack, Spurs Become Champions7) Религия: Southern Baptist Convention8) Юридический термин: Statutes Of British Columbia, Switch Bait Crooks9) Автомобильный термин: Sensotronic Brake Control (Krokodil)10) Грубое выражение: Same Bull Crap, Scream Bitch Complain, Shit Bastard Cunts, Shitty Bullshit Cock, Slow Butt Cracks, Some Bitch Company, Some Bullshit Company, Stupid Bell Company11) Оптика: Soleil-Babinet compensator12) Телекоммуникации: Singapore Broadcasting Corporation13) Сокращение: Single Board Computer, Small Bobbin Core, Small Business Council, Sonic Boom Committee14) Университет: Students For Black Culture15) Физиология: Skin The Body Cooler16) Вычислительная техника: одноплатный компьютер, Smart Bitrate Control (DivX, Video, BIT), SCSI Block Commands (SAM)17) Транспорт: Single Bound Crew18) Фирменный знак: SAKURA BLOSSOM Cafe, Southwest Bell Communications, Southwestern Bell Communications, Southwestern Bell Corporation, Steroids Buyers Club20) Сетевые технологии: Smart Bitrate Control, single-board computer21) Пластмассы: Styrene- Butadiene Copolymer22) Химическое оружие: small burials contractor [obsolete - now NSSC]23) Обогащение: корзиночная центрифуга, фильтрующая центрифуга, центрифуга-грохот, screen bowl centrifuge, screen-bowl centrifuge24) Макаров: standard buried-collector, standard buried-collector structure25) Безопасность: Sub Band Coding26) NYSE. SBC Communications, Inc. -
18 ♦ construction
♦ construction /kənˈstrʌkʃn/n.1 [u] costruzione; erezione; edificazione: of solid construction, di solida costruzione; costruito solidamente; under construction, in costruzione3 costruzione; struttura; edificio4 [u] costruzione; edificazione; creazione; formulazione: the construction of a theory, la formulazione di una teoria5 (form.) interpretazione; spiegazione; senso: This statute does not bear such a construction, questa legge non ammette un'interpretazione simile; to put the wrong construction on st., interpretare male qc.6 (gramm.) costruzione; costrutto● construction company, impresa di costruzioni □ construction contract, appalto di costruzione □ construction engineer, ingegnere civile □ construction engineering, ingegneria delle grandi opere civili ( autostrade, dighe, ponti, ecc.) □ ( USA) construction paper, cartoncino colorato □ (edil.) construction site, cantiere edile □ construction theory, scienza delle costruzioni □ ( USA) construction worker, (operaio) edile. -
19 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew
[br]b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russiad. 24 October 1980[br]Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).[br]Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.[br]Further ReadingA.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).KF / GB-NBiographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew
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20 Johnson, Clarence Leonard (Kelly)
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 February 1910 Michigan, USAd. 21 December 1990 Burbank County, California, USA[br]American aircraft designer responsible for many outstanding Lockheed aircraft over a period of almost forty-eight years.[br]The large and successful Lockheed Aircraft Corporation grew out of a small company founded by Allan and Malcolm Loughhead (pronounced "Lockheed") in 1913. The company employed many notable designers such as Jack Northrop, Jerry Vultee and Lloyd Stearman, but the most productive was "Kelly" Johnson. After studying aeronautical engineering at the University of Michigan, Johnson joined Lockheed in 1933 and gained experience in all the branches of the design department. By 1938 he had been appointed Chief Research Engineer and became involved with the design of the P-38 Lightning twin-boom fighter and the Constellation airliner. In 1943 he set up a super-secret research and development organization called Advanced Development Projects, but this soon became known as the "Skunk Works": the name came from a very mysterious factory which made potions from skunks in the popular comic strip Li'lAbner. The first aircraft designed and built by Johnson's small hand-picked team was the XP-80 Shooting Star prototype jet fighter, which was produced in just 143 days: it became the United States' first production jet fighter. At this stage the Skunk Works produced a prototype, then the main Lockheed factories took over the production run. The F-104 Starfighter and the C-130 Hercules transport were produced in this way and became widely used in many countries. In 1954 work began on the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft which was so secret that production was carried out within the Skunk Works. This made the headlines in 1960 when one was shot down over Russia. Probably the most outstanding of Johnson's designs was the SR-71 Blackbird of 1964, a reconnaissance aircraft capable of flying at Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound). Johnson was not only a great designer, he was also an outstanding manager, and his methods—including his "14 Rules"—have been widely followed. He retired from the Lockheed board in 1980, having been involved in the design of some forty aircraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Freedom (the highest United States award for a civilian) 1964.Further ReadingObituary, 1991, Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (March).B.R.Rich, 1989, "The Skunk Works" management style: it's no secret', Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (March) (Rich was Johnson's successor).Details of Lockheed aircraft can be found in several publications, e.g.: R.J.Francillon, 1982, Lockheed Aircraft since 1913, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > Johnson, Clarence Leonard (Kelly)
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